MEMORY

 

 

 

• The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

Encoding

 

• The processing of information into the memory system .

storage

• The retention of encoded  material over time.

Retrieval 

 

• The process of getting the information out of memory storage.

Recall v. Recognition

 

•  you must retrieve the information from your memory (fill-in-the blank tests.)
•  you must identify the target from possible targets (multiple choice test.)

Flashbulb Memory

 

 

• A clear moment of an emotionally significant moment or event

Types of Memory

 

 

• Sensory Memory
• The immediate, initial recording of sensory information in  the memory system
• Stored just for an instant, and most gets unprocessed 
•       Short-term Memory
• memory that holds a few item briefly.
• seven digits (plus of minus two
• the info will be store into long term or forgotten

•  Working Memory (Modern day STM)
• Another way of describing the use of short-term memory is called working memory
• Working Memory has three parts

1. Audio
2. Visual
3. Integration of audio and  visual (controls where your attention lies.)

•      Long-term Memory
• The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

• Two ways to encode
• Automatic processing
• unconscious encoding of incidental information.
• you encode space, time and words meaning without effort thing can become automatic with practice.
• Effortful processing
• encoding that requires attention and conscious effort rehearsal is the most common effortful professing technique through enough rehearsal, what was effortful become automatic.
• THINGS TO REMEMBER ABOUT ENCODING
• The next in line effect
• we seldom remember that the person has just said or done if we are next.
• Spacing effect
• we encode better when we study or practice over time
• DO NOT CRAM.
• Serial positioning effect 
• our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
• semantic encoding
• The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.
• A Caustic encoding
• The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words
• Visual Encoding
• The encoding of picture images
• Tricks to encode
• use imagery mental picture
• Mnemonic devices use imagery like "peg work" system.
• Chunking
• organizing items into familiar, manageable unit often it will occur automatically.

 Types of Long-term memories

 

Explicit (declarative): with conscious recall

• Facts (General Knowledge "Semantic Memory")
• Personally experienced events

Implicit (non-declarative): without conscious recall

• Skills - motor and cognitive
• Classical and operant conditioning effects

Types of retrieval failure

 

Proactive Interference

• The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information 

Retroactive Interference

• The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

Misinformation Effect

• Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.