Learning

Most learning is associative learning

• Learning that certain events occur together

There  are 3 main  types of Learning

• Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)
• Observational Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning

Unconditional Stimulus (UCS) : a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response

Unconditional Response : the unearned, naturally occurring response to the UCS

Conditioned Stimulus (CS) : an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with the UCS, comes to trigger a response.

Conditioned Response : the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Acquisition

• The initial stage of learning
• The phase when the neutral stimulus is associated with  the UCS so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit the Conditioned Response (thus becoming the CS)

Extinction 

• The diminishing of a conditioned response.

Spontaneous Recovery

• The reappearance after a rest period, of an extinguished conditional response.

Generalization

• The tendency once response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar  responses.

Discrimination

• The learned ability to distinguish between a CS  and another stimuli that does not signal the UCS.

Operant Conditioning

• A type of learning in  which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed punishment.

Classical vs. Operant

• They both use acquisition, discrimination, SR, generalization and extinction.
• Classical conditioning is automatic
• Operant conditioning involves behavior where one can influence their environment with the behaviors which have consequences

The Law of Effect (Edward Thorndike)

• Edward Thorndike
• Rewarded behavior is  likely to recur

B.F Skinner

• Shaping - A procedure in Operant Conditioning in which reinforces guide behavior closer and closer towards a goal

Reinforce

• Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
• Positive Reinforcement - strengths  a response by presenting a stimulus after a response
• Negative Reinforcement - strengthens a response by reducing or removing an aversive stimulus

Punishment

• Any event that decreases the behavior that follows it
• Positive Punishment - something bad is added in order to decrease an unwanted behavior
• Negative Punishment - Something good is removed to  cause an unwanted behavior to  decrease

Types of reinforces

Primary Reinforce

• An innately reinforcing stimulus

Conditioned (Secondary) Reinforce

• A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer

Partial Reinforce

• Reinforcing a response only part of the time
• The Acquisition process is slower
• Greater resistance to extinction

Fixed -ratio Schedules

• A schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Variable-ratio Schedule

• A schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Fixed-Interval Schedule

• requires a set amount of time to elapse before the reinforcement is given

Variable-interval Schedule

• A schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Token Economy

• Every time a desired behavior is performed, a token is given they can trade tokens in for a variety of prizes (reinforces) 
• Used in homes, prisons, mental institutions an school

Observational Learning

• Albert Bandura and his bobo doll
• We learn through modeling behavior from others

Latent Learning

• Edward Toleman 
• Latent means hidden
• Sometimes learning is not immediately evident

Insight Learning

• Wolfgang Kohler
• Sometimes animals learn through the "ah-ha" experience.

 States of Consciousness

• Sleep
• Hypnosis
• Drugs

Sleep

• A state of consciousness
• We are less aware of our surroundings

Why do we daydream?

• The can help us prepare for future events
• They can nourish our social development
• Can substitute for impulsive behavior

Fantasy Prone Personality

• Someone who imagines and recalls experiences with lifelike vividness and who spends considerable time fantasizing

Biological Rhythms

• Annual Cycle : Seasonal variation
• 28 day cycles : menstrual cycle
• 24 hour cycle : Our circadian rhythm
• 90 minute cycle : sleep cycles

Circadian Rhythm

• Our 24 hour biological clock
• Our body temp and awareness changes throughout the day

Sleep Stages

• 5 identified stages of sleep 
• Takes 90-100 minutes to pass through all 5 stages
• The brains waves will change according to the sleep stage you are in
• The first four stages are known as NREM
• the 5th is called REM sleep

Stage 1

• Kind of awake, kind of asleep
• Only lasts a few minutes, and you usually only experience it once a night
• Eyes begin to roll slightly
• Your brain produces theta waves ( high amplitude, low frequency (slow)

Stage 2 

• This follow stage 1 sleep and is the "Baseline" of sleep
• This stage is part of the 90 minute cycle and occupies approximately 45-60& of sleep
• More Theta waves that get progressively slower
• Begin to show sleep spindles. short bursts of rapid brain waves

Stages 3 and 4

• Slow wave sleep
• you produce Delta waves
• If awaken you will be very groggy
• Vital for restoring body's growth hormones and good overall health
• May last 15-30 minutes
• It is called "slow wave" sleep because brain activity slows down dramatically from the "theta" rhythm of stage 2 to a much slower rhythm called "delta" and the height or amplitude of the waves increases dramatically

REM sleep (Stage 5)

• Rapid eye-movement
• Brain is very active
• Dreams usually occur in REM
• Body is essentially paralyzed
• composes 20-25% of a normal night sleep
• Breathing, heart rate and brain wave activity quicken vivid dreams can occur
• From REM, you can go back to stage 2