• Vision
• our most dominating sense
• the height of a wave gives us it's intensity (brightness) 
• the length of the wave give us it's true (color)
• the longer the wave the more red
• the shorter of the wavelength the more violet

• Transduction 
• transforming signals into neural impulses.
• information goes from the sense to the thalamus, then in the various areas in the brain
• light energy to vision 
• chemical energy to smell and taste

• Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic ( three colors) Theory
• types of cones
• red
• blue, green
• these types of cones can make millions of combination of colors

• Opponent-process Theory
• the sensory receptor come in pairs 
• red/ Green, yellow/blue, black and white
• if one color is stimulated the other is in hibited

• Hearing
• we hear sound waves 
• the height of the wave gives us the amplitude of the sound
• the frequency pf the waves give us the pitch of the sound
• the longer the wave length the low the pitch
• the shorter the wave length the higher of the pitch.

•   Transduction in the ear
• sound waves hit the eardrum then anvil then hammer then stirrup then oval window
• everything just vibrating
• then the cochlea vibrates 
• the cochlea is lines with mucus called basilar membrane 
• In the basilar membrane there are hair cell
• when the hair cells vibrate they turn vibration into neural impulses which called organ of corti sent them to thalamus up auditory nerve.

• Pitch theory
• place: theory different hairs vibrate in the cochlea when there are different pitches.
• so some hairs vibrate when they hear high pitches and other vibrate when they hear low pitches

• Frequency Theory
• all of the hair vibrate but at different speeds.

• deafness 
• conduction 
• something goes wrong with the sound and the vibration on the way to the cochlea
• you can place the bones or get a hearing aid to help
• Nerve (sensorineural ) deafness the hair cells in the cochlea get damaged 
• loud noises can cause this type of deafness,
• No way to replace the hairs
• cochlea implant is possible.

• Smell and Taste
• Sensory interaction the principle that one sense may influence another

• Taste
• we have bumps on our tongue called papillae
• Taste buds are located on the papillae ( they area actually all over our mouth)

• Touch 
• receptors located in our skin
• Gate control Theory of pain
• cora contain a neurological gate that blocks the pain signals or allows to pass onto the brain

• Vestibular sense
• tell us where our body in oriented in space our sense of balance 

• Kinesthetic
• tell us where our body part are
• receptors located in our muscle and joints

• Perception
•  the process of organizing and interpreting information enabling us to recognize meaningful object or events 

• Gestalt philosophy
• the whole is greater than the sum of it's parts

• Figure ground relationship
• the organization of the visual field into objects(figure) 
• that stand out from their surrounding (ground)

• grouping
• the perceptual tendency to organized stimuli into groups that we understand
• proximity, similarity,

• depth perception
• the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the reting are two dimensional allows us to judge distance

• Binocular Cues
• the closer an object comes to you the greater the disparity is between the two image
• retinal disparity an binocular cue for seeing depth 

Sensation and perception

sensation: your window to the world

perception:interpreting what comes in your window

• sensation
• the process by which our sensory receptor and nervous system receive stimulus from the environment.

• Bottom-up vs. Top-down processing
• bottom began with the sense receptor work up into 
• Top-down information processing got it by higher leave metal process.

• Absolute Threhold
• the minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% on the time 

• Difference Threhold
• The minimum difference that a person can detect between two stimuli. Also noticeable difference

• Weber's law   
• The idea that to perceive a difference between two stimuli they must differ by a constant percentage not a constant amount. 

• Signal Detection Theory
• predict how we detect stimulus amid other stimuli.

•  Sensory Adaption
• Decreased responsiveness to stimuli due to constant stimulation.

• Selective attention
• The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular single

• Cocktail party effect 
• describes the ability to focus one's listening attention on a single talker among a mixture of conversation and background noises, ignoring other conversation form of selective attention.

perception

Biological school

The nervous system 

it start with an individual nerve cell called the Neuron.

how does the neuron fire?
resting potential 
slightly negative charge.
reach the threshold when enough neurotransmitter reach dendritesit's an electrochemical process. 
electrical inside the neuron 
chemical outside of the neuron ( in the synapse in the form of a neurotransmitter )
the firing is call action potential
The all of none response
the idea that either the Neuron fires or it does not no part way firing like a gun
Neurons communicate 
tiny junction
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
chemical messenger released by terminal button through the synapse
- 4 types of neurotransmitters

•  Acetylcholine  
• deal with motor movement and memory
• lack of dopamine has been linked to Parkinson's disease
• too much has been linked to schizophrenia

• serotonin
• involved in the mood control
• lack of serotonin has been linked to clinical depression.

• Endorphins
• involve in pain control
• many of our most addictive drugs deal with endorphins
• drug can be...
• agonist-make neuron fire
• antagonists-stop neural firing.

• Sensory Neurons (afferent Neurons)
• take information from the sense to the brain.

• Inter Neurons
• take message from sensory neutrons to other part of the brain or to motor Neutrons

• Motor Neurons (efferent Neurons)
• Take information from the brain to the rest of the body.

• Central Nervous system
• the brain and the spinal cord.
• Peripheral Nervous system.
• all nerves that are not encased in the bone.
• everything but the brain and spinal cord
• divided into two categories somatic and autonomic

• Somatic Nervous System
• control voluntary muscle movement 
• uses motor (efferent ) neurons.

• Autonomic Nervous system
• control the automatic function of the body

• divide into two categories the sympathetic and parasympathetic 

• Sympathetic Nervous system.
• fight or plight response.
• Automatically accelerates heart rate. breathing, dilates pupils slow down digestion.